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Clinical Studies
Abstracts are presented below for clinical
studies on Clove.
Plant Phytonutrient Profile
1: J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2007 Feb
26;3(1):11 [Epub ahead of print]
Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada.
Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock
farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic
programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of
livestock. METHODS: In 2003 we conducted semi/structured interviews with 60
participants obtained using a purposive sample. Medicinal plants are used to
treat a range of conditions. A draft manual prepared from the data was then
evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop. RESULTS: There are 128
plants used for ruminant health and diets, representing several plant families.
The following plants are used for abscesses: Berberis aquifolium / Mahonia
aquifolium Echinacea purpurea, Symphytum officinale, Bovista pila, Bovista
plumbea, Achillea millefolium and Usnea longissima. Curcuma longa L., Salix
scouleriana and Salix lucida are used for caprine arthritis and caprine
arthritis encephalitis. Euphrasia officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla are used
for eye problems. Wounds and injuries are treated with Bovista spp., Usnea
longissima, Calendula officinalis, Arnica sp., Malva sp., Prunella vulgaris,
Echinacea purpurea, Berberis aquifolium / Mahonia aquifolium, Achillea
millefolium, Capsella bursa/pastoris, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula
officinalis, Symphytum officinale and Curcuma longa. Syzygium aromaticum and
Pseudotsuga menziesii are used for coccidiosis. The following plants are used
for diarrhea and scours: Plantago major, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica,
Symphytum officinale, Pinus ponderosa, Potentilla pacifica, Althaea officinalis,
Anethum graveolens, Salix alba and Ulmus fulva. Mastitis is treated with
Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Salix alba, Teucrium scorodonia and Galium
aparine. Anethum graveolens and Rubus sp., are given for increased milk
production. Taraxacum officinale, Zea mays, and Symphytum officinale are used
for udder edema. Ketosis is treated with Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium sp., and
Symphytum officinale. Hedera helix and Alchemilla vulgaris are fed for retained
placenta. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the plants showing high levels of validity were
Hedera helix for retained placenta and Euphrasia officinalis for eye problems.
Plants with high validity for wounds and injuries included Hypericum perforatum,
Malva parviflora and Prunella vulgaris. Treatments with high validity against
endoparasites included those with Juniperus communis and Pinus ponderosa.
Anxiety and pain are well treated with Melissa officinalis and Nepeta caesarea.
PMID: 17324258 [PubMed / as supplied by publisher]
2: Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2006 Jul;26(7):1339/41.
[Study on determination of metal elements in buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.)
Merr. et Perry by ICP/AES]
[Article in Chinese]
Zhang SB, Guo YS.
College of Applied Technology of Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
Determination of metal elements in buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L. )Merr. et
Perry was studied by ICP/AES after HNO3/H2O2 digestion. The average recovery of
the method for K, Mg, and trace elements such as Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn, Mn and Pb in
the buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry was found to be 91.8%
/112.2%, while RSD (n = 5) is 0.4% / 4.9% for the metal elements. The method was
applied to the analysis of some practical samples, and the results obtained were
satisfactory. There is rich Mn in the samples. It is of important significance
to assess the value of the Chinese medicine by the determination of trace
elements in Chinese medicine with ICP/AES.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
PMID: 17020055 [PubMed / in process]
3: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006 Jun;101(4):387/90.
Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus
aureus diseases.
Betoni JE, Mantovani RP, Barbosa LN, Di Stasi LC, Fernandes Junior A.
Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual
Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, 18618/000, Brasil.
Searches for substances with antimicrobial activity are frequent, and medicinal
plants have been considered interesting by some researchers since they are
frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases.
The aim of this study was to verify the synergism between 13 antimicrobial drugs
and 8 plant extracts//"guaco" (Mikania glomerata), guava (Psidium guajava),
clove (Syzygium aromaticum), garlic (Allium sativum), lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus), ginger (Zingiber officinale), "carqueja" (Baccharis trimera), and
mint (Mentha piperita)//against Staphylococcus aureus strains, and for this
purpose, the disk method was the antimicrobial susceptibility test performed.
Petri dishes were prepared with or without dilution of plant extracts at
sub/inhibitory concentrations in Mueller/Hinton Agar (MHA), and the inhibitory
zones were recorded in millimeters. In vitro anti/Staphylococcus aureus
activities of the extracts were confirmed, and synergism was verified for all
the extracts; clove, guava, and lemongrass presented the highest synergism rate
with antimicrobial drugs, while ginger and garlic showed limited synergistic
capacity.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16951808 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Mycol Res. 2006 Jul;110(Pt 7):833/45.
Novel hosts of the Eucalyptus canker pathogen Chrysoporthe cubensis and a new
Chrysoporthe species from Colombia.
Gryzenhout M, Rodas CA, Portales JM, Clegg P, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ.
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Tree Protection Co/operative
Programme, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of
Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. marieka.gryzenhout@fabi.up.ac.za
The pathogen Chrysoporthe cubensis (formerly Cryphonectria cubensis) is best
known for the important canker disease that it causes on Eucalyptus species.
This fungus is also a pathogen of Syzygium aromaticum (clove), which is native
to Indonesia, and like Eucalyptus, is a member of Myrtaceae. Furthermore, C.
cubensis has been found on Miconia spp. native to South America and residing in
Melastomataceae. Recent surveys have yielded C. cubensis isolates from new
hosts, characterized in this study based on DNA sequences for the ITS and
beta/tubulin gene regions. These hosts include native Clidemia sericea and
Rhynchanthera mexicana (Melastomataceae) in Mexico, and non/native Lagerstroemia
indica (Pride of India, Lythraceae) in Cuba. Isolates from these hosts and areas
group in the sub/clade of C. cubensis accommodating the South American
collections of the fungus. This sub/clade also includes isolates recently
collected from Eucalyptus in Cuba, which are used to epitypify C. cubensis. New
host records from Southeast Asia include exotic Tibouchina urvilleana from
Singapore and Thailand and native Melastoma malabathricum (Melastomataceae) in
Sumatra, Indonesia. Consistent with their areas of occurrence isolates from the
latter collections group in the Asian sub/clade of C. cubensis. DNA sequence
comparisons of isolates from Tibouchina lepidota in Colombia revealed that they
represent a new sub/clade within the greater Chrysoporthe clade. Isolates in
this clade are described as Chrysoporthe inopina sp. nov., based on distinctive
morphological differences.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16876702 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Cell Prolif. 2006 Aug;39(4):241/8.
Cytotoxicity of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and its major components to
human skin cells.
Prashar A, Locke IC, Evans CS.
School of Biosciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
The essential oil extracted from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is used as a
topical application to relieve pain and promote healing in herbal medicine and
also finds use in the fragrance and flavouring industries. Clove oil has two
major components, eugenol and beta/caryophyllene, which constitute 78% and 13%
of the oil, respectively. Clove oil and these components are generally
recognized as 'safe', but the in/vitro study here demonstrates cytotoxic
properties of both the oil and eugenol, towards human fibroblasts and
endothelial cells. Clove oil was found to be highly cytotoxic at concentrations
as low as 0.03% (v/v) with up to 73% of this effect attributable to eugenol.
beta/caryophyllene did not exhibit any cytotoxic activity, indicating that other
cytotoxic components may also exist within the parent oil.
PMID: 16872360 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Mycoses. 2006 Jul;49(4):316/23.
In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger.
Pawar VC, Thaker VS.
Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
Aspergillus niger is an opportunistic human pathogen and a strong air pollutant.
A study was conducted with 75 different essential oils for the inhibition of
hyphal growth and spore formation in Aspergillus niger. Cinnamomum zeylanicum
(bark), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (leaf), Cinnamomum cassia, Syzygium aromaticum and
Cymbopogon citratus were the top five essential oils which demonstrated marked
inhibitory effect against hyphal growth and spore formation of A. niger. The
chemical composition of these five most active essential oils was investigated
by gas chromatography/mass spectra (GC/MS). Most of the other essential oils
were found challenging to combat A. niger, suggesting their use as strong aroma
therapeutic agents.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16784447 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Phytochem Anal. 2006 Mar;17(2):121/8.
Application of near/infrared spectroscopy in quality control and determination
of adulteration of African essential oils.
Juliani HR, Kapteyn J, Jones D, Koroch AR, Wang M, Charles D, Simon JE.
New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
An evaluation has been made of the potential of near/infrared (NIR) technologies
in the assessment of essential oil components and in the identification of
individual essential oils. The results showed that cross/validation models are
able to predict accurately almost all of the components of essential oils. In
different cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
essential oils, which showed a similar composition, 23 components (representing
97.8/99.9% of the oil) were accurately predicted, as well as 20 components
(93.0/99.1%) in Cinnamomum camphora (ravintsara), 32 components (92.3/98.1%) in
Ravensara aromatica (ravensara), and 26 components (96.6/98.4%) in Lippia
multiflora. For almost all of the components, the modelled and reference values
obtained by GC/FID were highly correlated (r2 > or = 0.985) and exhibited a low
variance (less than 5%). The model was also able to discriminate between the
ravintsara and ravensara essential oils. It was shown that two commercial oils
labelled as R. aromatica were actually ravintsara (C. camphora), revealing the
misidentification of these essential oils in the marketplace. The study
demonstrates the application of NIR technology as a quality control tool for the
rapid identification of individual essential oils, for product authentication,
and for the detection of adulteration.
Publication Types:
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non/P.H.S.
PMID: 16634289 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005 Nov;36(6):1423/31.
Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi
mosquitoes.
Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y.
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. tmytt@mahidol.ac.th
The efficacy of 9 repellents (8 commercial repellents and one product under
development) was evaluated on the skin at dosages of 0.65 and 1.7 mg of
product/cm2, the latter dosage being the industrial standard for deet based
repellents. The repellents were applied to the arm or lower leg of a human
subject and tested against Anopheles stephensi in a cage or flying freely in a
mosquito/proof room. In the cage tests, a product with 20% p/menthane/3, 8/diol
(PMD) active ingredient provided complete repellency for 7/8 hours, while with
10% PMD had complete repellency for only 30 minutes. The natural oils of clove
(Syzygium aromaticum) (10% active ingredient) plus makaen (Zanthoxylum
limonella) (10% active ingredient) gave protection for 4/5 hours. In the case of
free flying mosquitoes, products with 20% and 30% PMD gave complete protection
for 11/12 hours at a dosage of 1.7 mg/cm2 or 6 hours at half the dosage, while
the product with 10% PMD afforded protection for less than 2 hours. At the
higher dosage rate 40% citronella and hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine
carboxylate, a new synthetic compound, provided complete repellency for 7 hours.
Fifty percent deet (N,N/diethyl/3/methylbenzamide) was effective for 30 hours if
left undisturbed on the skin.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16610644 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Carcinogenesis. 2006 Aug;27(8):1645/54. Epub 2006 Feb 25.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a potential chemopreventive agent for lung
cancer.
Banerjee S, Panda CK, Das S.
Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittarajan National Cancer Institute, 37,
S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, India.
Spices and flavoring plants part rich in supposedly health/promoting
phytochemicals are currently receiving much attention as a possible source of
cancer chemopreventive compounds. Clove, the sun/dried unopened flower bud from
the plant Syzygium aromaticum L. is a commonly used spice and food flavor. In
the present work we assess the chemopreventive potential of aqueous infusion of
clove during benzo[a]pyrene (BP)/induced lung carcinogenesis in strain A mice.
Incidence of hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ evident in the
carcinogen control group on the 8th, 17th and 26th weeks, respectively, were
effectively reduced after treatment with clove infusion. Significant reduction
in the number of proliferating cells and an increased number of apoptotic cells
was also noted in these BP/induced lung lesions following clove treatment.
Western blotting analysis revealed that clove infusion upregulates the
expression of pro/apoptotic proteins p53 and Bax, and downregulates the
expression of anti/apoptotic protein Bcl/2 in the precancerous stages.
Expression of caspase 3 and its activation by clove infusion were evident from a
very early stage of carcinogenesis (eighth week). Clove infusion was also found
to downregulate the expression of some growth/promoting proteins, viz, COX/2,
cMyc, Hras. The observations signify the chemopreventive potential of clove in
view of its apoptogenic and anti/proliferative properties.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16501250 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Physiol Res. 2006 Feb 23; [Epub ahead of print]
Effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth and development of mouse
preimplantation embryos in vivo.
Domaracky M, Rehak P, Juhas S, Koppel J.
Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4/6, 040
01 Kosice, Slovak Republic. koppel@saske.sk.
Plant essential oils (EOs) have been reported to have health benefit properties
and their preventive and therapeutic use with animals is expected to increase in
the future. We evaluated the influence of five essential oils obtained from
plant species which are known to have positive anti/microbial, antioxidative and
anti/inflammatory effects / sage EO from Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae),
oregano EO from Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), thyme EO from Thymus vulgaris
L. (Lamiaceae), clove EO from Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae) and cinnamon EO
from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) on the growth and development of
mouse preimplantation embryos in vivo. Essential oils were added to commercial
diet at concentrations of 0.25 % for sage EO, thyme EO, clove EO, cinnamon EO
and 0.1 % for oregano EO, and fed to ICR female mice for 2 weeks ad libitum.
Females were then mated with males of the same strain. Embryos obtained on Day 4
of pregnancy at the blastocyst stage were stained by morphological triple
staining (Hoechst, PI, Calcein/AM) and evaluated using fluorescent microscopy.
The effects of essential oils were estimated by the viability of embryos, number
of nuclei and distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Cinnamon EO
significantly decreased the number of nuclei and the distribution of embryos
according to nucleus number was significantly altered. Sage EO negatively
influenced the distribution of embryos according to nucleus number. Clove and
oregano EOs induced significantly increased rate of cell death. Only thyme EO
had no detectable effects on embryo development. In conclusion, no one of the
essential oils had any positive effect on embryo development, but some of them
reduced cell numbers and increased the incidence of the cell death.
PMID: 16497088 [PubMed / as supplied by publisher]
11: Chemosphere. 2006 Jun;63(9):1568/74. Epub 2005 Nov 28.
Molluscicidal activity of Ferula asafoetida, Syzygium aromaticum and Carum carvi
and their active components against the snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Kumar P, Singh DK.
Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP 273 009, India.
The molluscicidal activity of dried root latex powder of Ferula asafoetida,
flower/bud powder of Syzygium aromaticum and seed powder of Carum carvi against
the snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied. The molluscicidal activity of all the
three plant products was found to be both time and concentration dependent. The
toxicity of S. aromaticum flower/bud powder (96 h LC(50):51.98 mg/l) was more
pronounced than that of root latex powder of F. asafoetida (96 h LC(50):82.71
mg/l) and seed powder of C. carvi (96 h LC(50):140.58 mg/l). Ethanol extract was
more toxic than other organic extracts. The ethanol extract of S. aromaticum
(24h LC(50):83.53 mg/l) was more effective than that of F. asafoetida (24h
LC(50):132.31 mg/l) and C. carvi (24h LC(50):130.61 mg/l) in killing the test
animals. The 96 h LC(50) of column purified fraction of seed powder of C. carvi
was 5.40 mg/l whereas those of flower/bud powder of S. aromaticum and dried root
latex powder of F. asafoetida were 7.87 and 9.67 mg/l, respectively. The product
of F. asafoetida, S. aromaticum and C. carvi may be used as potent
molluscicides.
PMID: 16310827 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Carbohydr Res. 2006 Jan 16;341(1):160/3. Epub 2005 Nov 17.
Flavonoid triglycosides from the seeds of Syzygium aromaticum.
Nassar MI.
Natural Products Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622,
Cairo, Egypt. mnassar_eg@yahoo.com
Two new apigenin triglycosides, apigenin
6/C/[beta/D/xylopyranosyl/(1'''//>2'')/beta/D/galactopyranoside]/7/O/beta/D/gluc
opyranoside and apigenin
6/C/[beta/D/xylopyranosyl/(1'''//>2'')/beta/D/galactopyranoside]/7/O/beta/D/(6/O
/p/coumarylglucopyranoside) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the seeds
of Syzygium aromaticum. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and
spectral analysis (UV, FABMS, 1H, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY and DEPT).
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16297892 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2005 Jul/Sep;6(3):304/8.
Anticarcinogenic effects of an aqueous infusion of cloves on skin
carcinogenesis.
Banerjee S, Das S.
Dept. of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittarajan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P.
Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India. rmisti@rediffmail.com
Spices and flavouring agents are now receiving increasing attention as many of
them have been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties. Cloves, sun/dried
unopened flower buds from the plant Syzygium aromaticum L, are commonly used as
a spice and food flavour. The present study was designed to investigate the
chemopreventive action of aqueous infusion of cloves on 9,10/dimethyl
benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss
mice. The results indicate protection against skin papilloma formation in a dose
dependent manner. It has been shown that oral administration of aqueous
infusions of clove at a dose of 100 microl/mouse/day not only delays the
formation of papilloma but also reduces the incidence of papilloma as well as
the cumulative number of papillomas per papilloma bearing mouse. Our
observations suggest a promising role for cloves in restriction of the
carcinogenesis process.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16235990 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
14: J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Aug 24;53(17):6939/46.
Solid/ and vapor/phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils:
susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains.
Lopez P, Sanchez C, Batlle R, Nerin C.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research,
CPS/University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna st. 3, E/50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
The antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon (Cinnamon
zeylanicum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), basil (Ocimum basillicum), rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis), dill (Anethum graveolens), and ginger (Zingiber
officinalis) was evaluated over a range of concentrations in two types of
contact tests (solid and vapor diffusion). The EOs were tested against an array
of four Gram/positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Enterococcus faecalis, and Listeria monocytogenes), four Gram/negative bacteria
(Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella choleraesuis, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and three fungi (a yeast, Candida albicans, and two
molds, Penicillium islandicum and Aspergillus flavus). The rationale for this
work was to test the possibility of creating a protective atmosphere by using
natural compounds that could extend the shelf life of packaged foodstuffs while
minimizing organoleptic alterations. In the solid diffusion tests, cinnamon and
clove gave the strongest (and very similar) inhibition, followed by basil and
rosemary, with dill and ginger giving the weakest inhibition. The fungi were the
most sensitive microorganisms, followed by the Gram/positive bacterial strains.
The Gram/negative strain P. aeruginosa was the least inhibited. The composition
of the atmosphere generated by the EOs, and their minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MICs), were determined using a disk volatilization method, in
which no inhibition from rosemary or basil was observed. Cinnamon and clove,
once again, gave similar results for every microorganism. As a general rule, MIC
(fungi) << MIC (bacteria) with no clear differences between Gram/positive or
/negative strains except for P. aeruginosa, which was not inhibited by any of
the EOs in the vapor phase. The atmosphere generated from the EOs was analyzed
by means of solid/phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/ion
trap mass spectrometry. Differences among the volatiles in the EOs, which may be
responsible for the differences in their antimicrobial performances, were found.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16104824 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Phytother Res. 2005 Apr;19(4):303/9.
Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites.
Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C.
Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, Thailand. ytrongtokit@yahoo.com
The mosquito repellent activity of 38 essential oils from plants at three
concentrations was screened against the mosquito Aedes aegypti under laboratory
conditions using human subjects. On a volunteer's forearm, 0.1 mL of oil was
applied per 30 cm2 of exposed skin. When the tested oils were applied at a 10%
or 50% concentration, none of them prevented mosquito bites for as long as 2 h,
but the undiluted oils of Cymbopogon nardus (citronella), Pogostemon cablin
(patchuli), Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Thai name:
makaen) were the most effective and provided 2 h of complete repellency.From
these initial results, three concentrations (10%, 50% and undiluted) of
citronella, patchouli, clove and makaen were selected for repellency tests
against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles dirus. As expected, the undiluted
oil showed the highest protection in each case. Clove oil gave the longest
duration of 100% repellency (2/4 h) against all three species of mosquito. (c)
2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
Comparative Study
Controlled Clinical Trial
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 16041723 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):216/21.
Antioxidant activity of DHC/1, an herbal formulation, in experimentally/induced
cardiac and renal damage.
Bafna PA, Balaraman R.
Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M.S. University
of Baroda, Baroda /390 001, Gujarat, India.
DHC/1, an herbal formulation derived from the popular plants Bacopa monniera,
Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mangifera indica and Syzygium
aromaticum was studied for its antioxidant activity. The protective effect of
DHC/1 in isoproterenol/induced myocardial infarction and cisplatin/induced renal
damage were studied. A significant reduction in the serum markers of heart and
kidney damage and the extent of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant increase
in the enzymatic (SOD and CAT) and non/enzymatic antioxidants (reduced
glutathione) were observed in DHC/1 pretreated animals compared with the
isoproterenol or cisplatin alone treated animals. Thus it can be concluded that
DHC/1 possesses a protective effect against both damaged heart and kidneys in
rats. This beneficial effect may be attributed, at least in part, to its
antioxidant activity. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15934019 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
17: J Appl Toxicol. 2005 May/Jun;25(3):218/23.
Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum
(clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis.
Abdel/Wahhab MA, Aly SE.
Food Toxicology and Contaminants Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo,
Egypt. mosaad_attia@yahoo.com
Aflatoxins, a group of closely related, extremely toxic mycotoxins produced by
Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, can occur as natural contaminants of
foods and feeds. Aflatoxins have been shown to be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic,
mutagenic and teratogenic to different animal species. Nigella sativa (black
cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil are used for the treatment of
inflammatory diseases and have antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was
to investigate the ability of these volatile oils to scavenge free radicals
generated during aflatoxicosis. Sixty male rats were divided into six treatment
groups, including a control group, and the groups were treated for 30 days with
Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum oils with or without aflatoxin. Blood
samples were collected at the end of the experimental period for haematological
and biochemical analysis. The results indicated that exposure to aflatoxins
resulted in haematological and biochemical changes typical for aflatoxicosis.
Treatment with Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum oil of rats fed an
aflatoxin/contaminated diet resulted in significant protection against
aflatoxicosis. Moreover, Nigella sativa oil was found to be more effective than
Syzygium aromaticum oil in restoring the parameters that were altered by
aflatoxin in rats. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
PMID: 15856529 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):990/5.
Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans.
Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus
vulgaris.
Giordani R, Regli P, Kaloustian J, Mikail C, Abou L, Portugal H.
Laboratoire de Botanique, Cryptogamie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculte de
Pharmacie, Universite de la Mediterranee, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille
Cedex 05, France. rglatplus@aol.com
The antifungal effect of the essential oil from Satureja montana L., Lavandula
angustifolia Mill., Lavandula hybrida Reverchon, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril
and Perry, Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and six chemotypes of
Thymus vulgaris L. on Candida albicans growth were studied. The most efficiency
was obtained with the essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (MIC
80% = 0.016 microL/mL and Kaff = 296 microL/mL). The presence in the culture
medium of essential oil from Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype (0.01, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3 microg/mL) and amphotericin B involved a decrease of the MIC 80% of
amphotericin B. In contrast, the combination of amphotericin B and low
concentrations (0.00031/0.0025 microg/mL) of essential oil was antagonistic. The
strongest decrease (48%) of the MIC 80% was obtained with medium containing 0.2
microL/mL of essential oil. These results signify that the essential oil of
Thymus vulgaris thymol chemotype potentiates the antifungal action of
amphotericin B suggesting a possible utilization of this essential oil in
addition to antifungal drugs for the treatment of mycoses. 2004 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15742351 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;46(1):27/33.
Protection of oral or intestinal candidiasis in mice by oral or intragastric
administration of herbal food, clove (Syzygium aromaticum).
Taguchi Y, Ishibashi H, Takizawa T, Inoue S, Yamaguchi H, Abe S.
Research and Development Division, S & B Foods Inc., 38/8 Miyamoto/cho,
Itabashiku, Tokyo 174/8651, Japan.
We examined the effect of a clove (Syzygium aromaticum) administered by two
different routes on Candida albicans growth, using a murine oral candidiasis
model. When the clove preparation was administered into the oral cavity of
Candida/infected mice, their oral symptoms were improved and the number of
viable Candida cells in the cavity was reduced. In contrast, when the clove
preparation was administered intragastrically, oral symptoms were not improved,
but viable cell numbers of Candida in the stomach and feces were decreased.
These findings demonstrate that oral intake of an herbal food, clove, may
suppress the overgrowth of C. albicans in the alimentary tract including the
oral cavity.
PMID: 15711533 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004 Jun;35(2):325/33.
Laboratory and field trial of developing medicinal local Thai plant products
against four species of mosquito vectors.
Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Krisadaphong P, Apiwathnasorn C.
Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Oils of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Zanthoxylum limonella (makaen), widely
used essential oils for dental caries or flavoring of food in Thailand, were
prepared as 10 experimental repellent products in gel or cream form against
Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles dirus under laboratory
conditions, using the human/arm/in/cage method. Two products that gave the
longest/lasting complete protection were selected to examine their repellency
against a variety of mosquito species under field conditions. In laboratory
tests, 0.1 g of each product was applied to 3x10 cm of exposed area on a
volunteer's forearm, while in field trials, 1.0 g was applied to each
volunteer's leg (from knee to ankle). In the laboratory, the gel dosage form
contained 20% clove oil (Gel B) or 10% clove plus 10% makaen oil mixture (Gel E)
were promising plant/based repellents against three mosquito species and gave
significantly longer complete protection times of 4/5 hours than all other
developing products. Therefore, their efficacy in the field was evaluated. Under
field conditions, Gel E showed complete protection for 4 hours and gave 95.7%
repellency after 5 hours application, whereas Gel B and 20% deet (di/methyl
benzamide) provided only 86.8 and 82.7% repellency after treatment, respectively
against Ae. aegypti, daytime/biting mosquitos. For nighttime/biting, the 3
repellents under development yielded equally excellent (average 97.1%)
repellency for 5 hours against the predominant Cx. quinquefasciatus and Mansonia
uniformis, but they gave 89.0% repellency against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx.
gelidus. This finding demonstrated the effectiveness of Gel B and Gel E products
for possible use by low/income rural communities against various mosquito
species.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15691131 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
21: J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 4;96(1/2):295/301.
An extract of Syzygium aromaticum represses genes encoding hepatic gluconeogenic
enzymes.
Prasad RC, Herzog B, Boone B, Sims L, Waltner/Law M.
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School
of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Insulin action is impaired in diabetic patients, which leads to increased
hepatic glucose production. Plants and herbs have been used for medicinal
purposes, including the treatment of diabetes, for centuries. Since dietary
management is a starting point for the treatment of diabetes, it is important to
recognize the effect of plant/based compounds on tissues that regulate glucose
metabolism, such as the liver. In a recent study, several herbs and spices were
found to increase glucose uptake into adipocytes, an insulin/like effect. Our
data reveal that Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill and Perry (Myrtaceae)
(commonly referred to as clove) extract acts like insulin in hepatocytes and
hepatoma cells by reducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose
6/phosphatase (G6Pase) gene expression. Much like insulin, clove/mediated
repression is reversed by PI3K inhibitors and N/acetylcysteine (NAC). A more
global analysis of gene expression by DNA microarray analysis reveals that clove
and insulin regulate the expression of many of the same genes in a similar
manner. These results demonstrate that consumption of certain plant/based diets
may have beneficial effects for the treatment of diabetes and indicate a
potential role for compounds derived from clove as insulin/mimetic agents.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PMID: 15588682 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
22: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Nov 5;4:17.
Effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry.
(clove) on sexual behaviour of normal male rats.
Tajuddin, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA.
Department of Ilmul Advia (Unani Pharmacology), Faculty of Unani Medicine,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh/202002, India. tajuddin_amu@rediffmail.com
BACKGROUND: The flower bud of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (clove)
has been used in Unani medicine since ancient times for the treatment of male
sexual disorders. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of 50%
ethanolic extract of clove on general mating behaviour, libido, potency along
with its likely gastric ulceration and adverse effects on sexually normal male
albino rats. METHODS: The suspension of the extract was administered orally at
the dose of 100, 250, and 500 mg / kg, to different groups of male rats (n = 6)
once a day for seven days. The female albino rats involved in mating were made
receptive by hormonal treatment. The general mating behaviour, libido and
potency were determined and compared with the standard reference drug sildenafil
citrate. The probable gastric ulceration and adverse effects of the extract were
also evaluated. RESULTS: Oral administration of the extract significantly
increased the Mounting Frequency, Intromission Frequency; Intromission Latency,
Erections; Quick Flips, Long Flips as well as aggregate of penile reflexes and
caused significant reduction in the Mounting Latency and Post Ejaculatory
Interval. The most appreciable effect of the extract was observed at the dose of
500 mg/kg. The test drug was also found to be devoid of any conspicuous gastric
ulceration and adverse effects. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the 50%
ethanolic extract of clove produced a significant and sustained increase in the
sexual activity of normal male rats, without any conspicuous gastric ulceration
and adverse effects. Thus, the resultant aphrodisiac effectivity of the extract
lends support to the claims for its traditional usage in sexual disorders.
PMID: 15530165 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2003 Mar;32(1):75/80.
Comparative effects of some local food condiments on sodium arsenite/induced
clastogenicity.
Odunola OA.
Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry,
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. ronodunola@yahoo.com
The modulatory effects of the aqueous extracts of some locally consumed food
condiments namely garlic (Allium sativum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), sconio
(Pimpinella anisumm LINNE) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) on the clastogenic
effects of sodium arsenite, a known inorganic clastogen were assessed in mouse
bone marrow cells using the micronucleus assay method. Results of preliminary
investigation of the clastogenicity of the condiments show that aqueous extracts
of these condiments have very mild clastogenic activity in mice in the order
garlic > ginger and sconio > cloves and that extracts of ginger and sconio seem
to have the same degree of clastogenicity. Pre/treatment of mice for seven days
with extracts of the condiments orally before exposure to the oral dose (2.5
mg/kg body wt.) of sodium arsenite resulted in a remarkable reduction of the
magnitude of formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone
marrow. The degree of reduction of the clastogenic effect of arsenite was of the
order ginger > garlic > cloves > sconio. This reduction of arsenite induced
clastogenicity by aqueous extracts of the condiments may be due in part to the
antioxidant properties of their chemical constituents, thus suggesting that the
condiments may be useful in the prevention of arsenite/induced toxicity in areas
where arsenic is an environmental contaminant.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 15030071 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
24: In Vivo. 2003 Nov/Dec;17(6):541/4.
Extracts of spice and food plants from Thai traditional medicine inhibit the
growth of the human carcinogen Helicobacter pylori.
Bhamarapravati S, Pendland SL, Mahady GB.
Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama IV
Road, Bangkok, Thailand 10400.
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a gramnegative bacterium and well
recognized as being the primary etiological agent responsible for the
development of gastritis, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In
developing countries, a high prevalence of HP infection is associated with an
increased incidence of gastric cancer. Thailand, however, while having a high
prevalence of HP infections, has a lower than expected gastric cancer rate than
other developing countries. It has been suggested that the diet and life style
in Thailand may explain this discrepancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro
susceptibility of 18 strains of HP to 20 extracts of spice and food plants used
in Thai traditional medicine for the treatment of GI disorders was assessed.
RESULTS: Methanol extracts of Myristica fragrans (aril) inhibited the growth of
all HP strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5
micrograms/ml; extracts from Barringtonia acutangula (leaf) and Kaempferia
galanga (rhizome) had an MIC of 25.0 micrograms/ml; Cassia grandis (leaf),
Cleome viscosa (leaf), Myristica fragrans (leaf) and Syzygium aromaticum (leaf)
had MICs of 50.0 micrograms/ml. Extracts with an MIC of 100.0 micrograms/ml
included Pouzolzia pentandra (leaf), Cycas siamensis (leaf), Litsea elliptica
(leaf) and Melaleuca quinquenervia (leaf). CONCLUSION: Plants used in Thai
traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal ailments inhibit the growth of
HP. These data indicate that these plants may have chemopreventative activities
and thus may partly explain the reduced incidence of gastric cancer in Thailand.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PMID: 14758718 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
25: BMC Complement Altern Med. 2003 Oct 20;3:6.
Aphrodisiac activity of 50% ethanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt.
(nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) in male mice: a
comparative study.
Tajuddin, Ahmad S, Latif A, Qasmi IA.
Department of Ilmul Advia (Unani Pharmacology), Faculty of Unani Medicine,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh/202002, India. tajuddin@rediffmail.com
BACKGROUND: Spices are considered as sexual invigorators in the Unani System of
Medicine. In order to explore the sexual function improving effect of Myristica
fragrans Houtt. (nutmeg) and Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry. (clove) an
experimental study was conducted in normal male mice. METHODS: The extracts (50%
ethanolic) of nutmeg and clove were administered (500 mg/kg; p.o.) to different
groups of male Swiss mice. Mounting behaviour, mating performance, and general
short term toxicity of the test drugs were determined and compared with the
standard drug Penegra (Sildenafil citrate). RESULTS: The extracts of the nutmeg
and clove were found to stimulate the mounting behaviour of male mice, and also
to significantly increase their mating performance. The drugs were devoid of any
conspicuous general short term toxicity. CONCLUSION: The extracts (50%
ethanolic) of nutmeg and clove enhanced the sexual behaviour of male mice.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 14567759 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
26: J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Oct 22;51(22):6413/22.
Antimutagenic activity of phenylpropanoids from clove (Syzygium aromaticum).
Miyazawa M, Hisama M.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki
University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka/shi, Osaka 577/8502, Japan.
miyazawa@apch.kindai.ac.jp
Phenylpropanoids that possess antimutagenic activity were isolated from the buds
of clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The isolated compounds suppressed the expression
of the umu gene following the induction of SOS response in the Salmonella
typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 that have been treated with various mutagens. The
suppressive compounds were mainly localized in the ethyl acetate extract
fraction of the processed clove. This ethyl acetate fraction was further
fractionated by silica gel column chromatography, which resulted in the
purification and subsequent identification of the suppressive compounds.
Electron impact mass spectrometry, IR, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy were
then used to delineate the structures of the compounds that confer the observed
antimutagenic activity. The secondary suppressive compounds were identified as
dehydrodieugenol (1) and trans/coniferyl aldehyde (2). When using
2/(2/furyl)/3/(5/nitro/2/furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide) as the mutagen,
compound 1 suppressed 58% of the umu gene expression as compared to the controls
at a concentration of 0.60 micromol/mL, with an ID(50) (50% inhibitory dose)
value of 0.48 micromol/mL, and compound 2 suppressed 63% of the umu gene
expression as compared to the controls at a concentration of 1.20 micromol/mL,
with an ID(50) value of 0.76 micromol/mL. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 were
tested for their ability to suppress the mutagenic activity of other well/known
mutagens such as 4/nitroquinolin 1/oxide (4NQO) and
N/methyl/N'/nitro/N/nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which do not require liver
metabolizing enzymes, and aflatoxin B(1) (AfB(1)) and
3/amino/1,4/dimethyl/5H/pyrido[4,3/b]indole (Trp/P/1), which require liver
metabolizing enzymes and activated Trp/P/1 and UV irradiation. Compounds 1 and 2
showed dramatic reductions in their mutagenic potential of all of the
aforementioned chemicals or treatment. For the search of the structure/activity
relationship, the derivatives of 1 and 2 (1a and 2a/c) were also assayed with
all mutagens. Finally, the antimutagenic activities of compounds 1, 1a, 2, and
2a/c against furylfuramide, Trp/P/1, and activated Trp/P/1 were assayed by the
Ames test using the S. typhimurium TA100 strain.
PMID: 14558756 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2003;36(3):162/7.
Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli
O157:H7.
Burt SA, Reinders RD.
Department of Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.a.burt@vet.uu.nl
AIMS: To quantify the antibacterial properties of five essential oils (EO) on a
non/toxigenic strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence and absence of
a stabilizer and an emulsifier and at three different temperatures. METHODS AND
RESULTS: Five EOs known to exhibit antibacterial properties were screened by
disc diffusion assay and the most active were selected for further study in
microdilution colorimetric assays. Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and thyme (Thymus
vulgaris; light and red varieties) EO had the strongest bacteriostatic and
bactericidal properties, followed by bay (Pimenta racemosa) and clove bud
(Eugenia caryophyllata synonym: Syzygium aromaticum) EO. Oregano oil was
colicidal at 625 microl l(/1) at 10, 20 and 37 degrees C. The addition of 0.05%
(w/v) agar as stabilizer reinforced the antibacterial properties, particularly
at 10 degrees C, whereas 0.25% (w/v) lecithin reduced antibacterial activity.
Scanning electron micrographs showed extensive morphological changes to treated
cells. CONCLUSIONS: Oregano and thyme EO possess significant in vitro colicidal
and colistatic properties, which are exhibited in a broad temperature range and
substantially improved by the addition of agar as stabilizer. Bay and clove bud
EO are less active. Lecithin diminished antibacterial properties. The
bactericidal concentration of oregano EO irreversibly damaged E. coli O157:H7
cells within 1 min. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Oregano and light
thyme EO, particularly when enhanced by agar stabilizer, may be effective in
reducing the number or preventing the growth of E. coli O157:H7 in foods.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
PMID: 12581376 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Lett Appl Microbiol. 2002;35(3):208/11.
Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium
aromaticum (L.) Merr et L.M.Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens
isolated from banana.
Ranasinghe L, Jayawardena B, Abeywickrama K.
Department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.
AIMS: To develop a post/harvest treatment system against post/harvest fungal
pathogens of banana using natural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colletotrichum
musae was isolated and identified as the causative agent responsible for
anthracnose peel blemishes while three fungi, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae,
C. musae and Fusarium proliferatum, were identified as causative agents
responsible for crown rot. During the liquid bioassay, cinnamon [Cinnamomum
zeylanicum (L.)] leaf, bark and clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.)] oils were
tested against the anthracnose and crown rot pathogens. The test oils were
fungistatic and fungicidal against the test pathogens within a range of
0.03/0.11% (v/v). CONCLUSIONS: Cinnamon and clove essential oils could be used
as antifungal agents to manage post harvest fungal diseases of banana.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cinnamon and clove essential oil could be
used as alternative post/harvest treatments on banana. Banana treated with
essential oil is chemically safe and acceptable to consumers. Benomyl (Benlate),
which is currently used to manage fungal pathogens, can cause adverse health
effects and could be replaced with volatile essential oils.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 12180942 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Mycopathologia. 2002;154(1):29/36.
Effects of some groundnut packaging methods and protection with Ocimum and
syzygium powders on kernel infection by fungi.
Awuah RT, Ellis WO.
Department of Crop Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science of Technology,
Kumasi, Ghana. cheust@gn.com
Powders from the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and cloves of Syzygium aromaticum
were used as protectants at 3% (w/w) in combination with various packaging
methods to store 3.5 kg groundnut kernel samples (9.3% moisture) artificially
inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus. Phostoxin/protected and unprotected
samples were the controls. Packaging was accomplished with (i) Jute bags; JB
(ii) Interlaced polypropylene bags; IPPB (iii) Polyethylene bags; PB (iv) PB
inserted into IPPB and (v) PB inserted into JB. Selected treatments were
repeated concurrently with naturally infected kernels (6.6% moisture). With 9.3%
moisture kernels, there was a highly significant protectant, packaging method,
and protectant X packaging method effect on protection of kernels from fungal
infection at 2, 4, and 6 months. Packaging with JB and IPPB with or without
plant powders gave 100% protection against fungi but insect infestation was
prevented only when the Syzygium powder was used. When PB was used either singly
or in combination with JB and IPPB, 100% protection from fungi was achieved up
to 2 months with the Ocimum and up to 4 months with the Syzygium powder. The
phostoxin treatment also gave 100% protection with JB and IPPB packaging but was
ineffective with PB packaging. Kernels packaged with PB without the powders were
extensively mouldy. Kernels with natural mycoflora (6.6% moisture) were free
from fungi at 6 months regardless of the protectant and packaging used. In
further tests, the Syzygium powder, at 3% and in combination with JB/packaging,
effectively suppressed cross infection of healthy kernels (12% moisture) by
fungi from diseased kernels when both kernel types occurred in the same lot. At
18.5% kernel moisture and with identical packaging, the Syzygium powder at 3%,
was not as effective.
Publication Types:
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non/P.H.S.
PMID: 12041869 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Pest Manag Sci. 2002 May;58(5):451/8.
Identification of alternatives for the management of foliar nematodes in
floriculture.
Jagdale GB, Grewal PS.
Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA. jagdale.1@osu.edu
The foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides spp, have emerged as important pests of
ornamentals in North America during the last decade. Due to the ban on the use
of potentially toxic pesticides, there are currently no nematicides registered
to manage foliar nematodes on ornamentals. Therefore, we have evaluated a
biological [Burkholderia cepacia (syn Pseudomonas cepacia)], two plant products
[clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract and Nimbecidine (azadirachtin)] and twelve
chemical pesticides registered for the management of insects, mites, slugs or
diseases of ornamentals, against Aphelenchoides fragariae on the most popular
ornamental, hosta (Hosta spp), for two consecutive years. We found ZeroTol (270
g liter/1 peroxyacetic acid), currently labeled as a broad/spectrum
fungicide/algicide, to be a very potent nematicide that killed 100% of the
nematodes in water suspension. It also caused over 70% reduction in A fragariae
population in soil and in the leaves without any phytotoxicity. B cepacia caused
67/85% reduction in A fragariae population in leaves and 50% reduction in the
soil whereas insecticidal soap caused over 72% reduction in leaves and 61%
reduction in the soil. Clove extract and Nimbecidine did not show any potential
for the control of A fragariae on hosta. Although all twelve chemical pesticides
were effective in reducing the population of A fragariae in the soil 45 days
after treatment (DAT), only diazinon 475 g liter/1 EC, trichlorfon 800 g kg/1
SP, ethoprophos 100 g kg/1 GR, oxamyl 100 g kg/1 GR and ZeroTol caused over 70%
reduction in nematode population compared with the control. In the leaves, only
diazinon EC, trichlorfon SP, insecticidal soap, oxamyl GR and ZeroTol
consistently caused over 70% nematode population reduction compared with the
control at 45 DAT in both years. Thus, only diazinon EC, trichlorfon SP, oxamyl
GR and ZeroTol consistently caused over 70% reduction in nematode population
both in soil and leaves. Due to the recent ban by the US Environmental
Protection Agency on the use of the first three of these formulations, only
ZeroTol would serve as an effective tool to manage foliar nematodes in
ornamentals. Although not as effective as ZeroTol in the soil, insecticidal soap
is the only other alternative for foliar nematode management.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11997971 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Food Chem Toxicol. 2001 Dec;39(12):1199/204.
Inhibition of malonaldehyde formation from blood plasma oxidation by aroma
extracts and aroma components isolated from clove and eucalyptus.
Lee KG, Shibamoto T.
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA
95616, USA.
The inhibitory effect of aroma extracts isolated from clove buds [Syzygium
aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry] and eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus polyanthemos
Schauer) on malonaldehyde (MA) formation from horse blood plasma oxidized with
Fenton's reagent was determined by gas chromatography. Aroma chemicals such as
eugenol, thymol and benzyl alcohol, identified in the aroma extracts, were
examined for their inhibitory effect on the same system. Between the two aroma
extracts tested, clove exhibited the most potent antioxidant activities.
Extracts of eucalyptus and clove inhibited MA formation by 23 and 48%,
respectively, at the level of 400 microg/ml, whereas, alpha/tocopherol and BHT
inhibited MA formation by 52 and 70%, respectively, at the same level. Eugenol,
thymol and benzyl alcohol inhibited MA formation by 57, 43 and 32%,
respectively, at the level of 400 microg/ml.
PMID: 11696393 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
32: J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Aug;49(8):4019/25.
Suppression of chemical mutagen/induced SOS response by alkylphenols from clove
(Syzygium aromaticum) in the Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 umu test.
Miyazawa M, Hisama M.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki
University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka/shi, Osaka 577/8502, Japan.
miyazawa@apch.kindai.ac.jp
A methanol extract from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) showed a suppressive effect
of the SOS/inducing activity on the mutagen
2/(2/furyl)/3/(5/nitro/2/furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide) in the Salmonella
typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 umu test. The methanol extract was re/extracted with
hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The hexane fraction
showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds in the hexane fraction were
isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified as trans/isoeugenol
(1) and eugenol (2) by GC, GC/MS, IR, and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy.
Compounds 1 and 2 suppressed the furylfuramide/induced SOS response in the umu
test. Compounds 1 and 2 suppressed 42.3 and 29.9% of the SOS/inducing activity
at a concentration of 0.60 micromol/mL. These compounds were assayed with other
mutagens, 4/nitroquinolin 1/oxide (4NQO) and
N/methyl/N'/nitro/N/nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). In addition, compounds 1 and 2 were
assayed with aflatoxin B(1) (AfB(1)) and
3/amino/1,4/dimethyl/5H/pyrido[4,3/b]indole (Trp/P/1), which require liver
metabolizing enzymes. These compounds showed suppressive effects of the
SOS/inducing activity against furylfuramide, 4NQO, AfB(1), and Trp/P/1. To
research the structure/activity relationship, methyl esters of 1 and 2 (1Me and
2Me) and o/eugenol (3), as compounds similar to 2, were also assayed with all
mutagens. Compounds 1Me, 2Me, and 3 showed weak suppressive effects of the
SOS/inducing activity against furylfuramide.
PMID: 11513704 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Farmaco. 2001 May/Jul;56(5/7):387/9.
Local anaesthetic activity of beta/caryophyllene.
Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mazzanti G, Bartolini A.
Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy.
ghelard@server1.pharm.unifi.it
In this work we studied the local anaesthetic activity of beta/caryophyllene,
one of the main components of clove oil obtained from the dried flower/buds of
Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae family). We compared its activity to a chemically
related compound, caryophyllene oxide. Anaesthetic activity was evaluated in
vivo in the rabbit conjunctival reflex test and in vitro in a rat phrenic
nerve/hemidiaphragm preparation. Beta/caryophyllene (10(/4) / 1 microg/ml), but
not caryophyllene oxide, was able to reduce drastically, in a dose/dependent
manner, the electrically evoked contractions of the rat phrenic hemidiaphragm.
In the rabbit, conjunctival reflex test treatment with a solution of
beta/caryophyllene (10/1000 microg/ml) allowed a dose/dependent increase in the
number of stimuli necessary to provoke the reflex. As in the in vitro results,
caryophyllene oxide was ineffective also in the in vivo test. In conclusion,
these data evidence the local anaesthetic activity of beta/caryophyllene, which
appears to be strictly dependent on its chemical structure.
Publication Types:
In Vitro
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11482764 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Biol Pharm Bull. 2001 Feb;24(2):181/7.
Purification and characterization of antithrombotics from Syzygium aromaticum
(L.) MErr. & PERRY.
Lee JI, Lee HS, Jun WJ, Yu KW, Shin DH, Hong BS, Cho HY, Yang HC.
Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul.
Two antithrombotic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weight (HMW)
and low molecular weight (LMW) were isolated from the flower buds of Syzygium
aromaticum (L.) MERR. & PERRY (clove) by anion/exchange chromatography,
hydrophobic interaction column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography
(LMW: EC/2B/IIIa/2, M.W. ca. 34000; HMW: EC/2C/Ia/2, M.W. ca. 103000). The LMW
polysaccharide was mainly composed of Rha, Gal, GalA and Ara (molar %: 24.1,
18.9, 18.0 and 17.9, respectively) with 10.8% of sulfate and 18.2% of protein.
The HMW fraction consisted of Ara, Gal, Glc and Rha (molar %: 26.0, 23.7, 17.5
and 12.4, respectively) with 15.4% of sulfate and 8.0% of protein. Both
polysaccharides had the backbone of type I rhamnogalacturonan and the side chain
of arabinan. Also, most of the sulfates were attached at the position 6 of
3/linked galactosyl residues. Compared to the antithrombotic activity of the HMW
fraction (plasma clotting time of 145 s in APTT assay), the LMW fraction
displayed a slightly low activity (90 s). However, animal studies indicated that
crude LMW polysaccharide did not show acute toxicity, while the acute LD50 of
the HMW fraction was approximately 2/fold lower than that of heparin.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 11217089 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Phytother Res. 2000 Nov;14(7):510/6.
Inhibitory effects of sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus
(HCV) protease.
Hussein G, Miyashiro H, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kakiuchi N, Shimotohno K.
Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University,
2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930/0194, Japan.
One hundred fifty/two methanol and water extracts of different parts of 71
plants commonly used in Sudanese traditional medicine were screened for their
inhibitory effects on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease (PR) using in vitro assay
methods. Thirty/four extracts showed significant inhibitory activity (>/=60%
inhibition at 100 microg/mL). Of these, eight extracts, methanol extracts of
Acacia nilotica, Boswellia carterii, Embelia schimperi, Quercus infectoria,
Trachyspermum ammi and water extracts of Piper cubeba, Q. infectoria and
Syzygium aromaticum, were the most active (>/=90% inhibition at 100 microg/mL).
From the E. schimperi extract, two benzoquinones, embelin (I) and
5/O/methylembelin (II), were isolated and found as potent HCV/PR inhibitors with
IC(50) values of 21 and 46 microM, respectively. Inhibitory activities of
derivatives of I against HCV/PR as well as their effects on other serine
proteases were also investigated.Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 11054840 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Phytomedicine. 2000 Mar;7(1):69/72.
Effect of shitei/to, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, on
pentylenetetrazol/induced kindling in mice.
Minami E, Shibata H, Nomoto M, Fukuda T.
Central Research Laboratory, Kotaro Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
This study measured the effects of Shitei/To (STT), a traditional Chinese
Medicine, which is a mixture of extracts from three medicinal herbs, Shitei (SI,
Kaki Calyx; calyx of Diospyros kaki L. f.), Shokyo (SK, Zingiberis Rhizoma;
rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Choji (CJ, Caryophylli flos;
flowerbud of Syzygium aromaticum [L.] Merrill et. Perry), has long been used for
the treatment of hiccups in Japan and China, against fully
pentylenetetrazol/kindled seizures and on the development of pentylenetetrazol
kindling in mice. Repeated administration of STT (3.0 g/kg p.o.) mildly retards
the development of pentylenetetrazol/induced kindling in mice. STT also
decreased the number of tonic/clonic convulsions resulting from progression
kindling. On the other hand, STT had no effect on convulsions in fully
pentylenetetrazol/kindled mice. These findings suggest that STT protects against
the development of convulsions, and that STT may have therapeutic effects in the
prevention of secondarily generalized seizures.
PMID: 10782493 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
37: J Appl Microbiol. 2000 Feb;88(2):308/16.
Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils.
Dorman HJ, Deans SG.
Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Group, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive,
South Ayrshire, UK.
The volatile oils of black pepper [Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae)], clove
[Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae)], geranium [Pelargonium
graveolens L'Herit (Geraniaceae)], nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt.
(Myristicaceae), oregano [Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Letsw.
(Lamiaceae)] and thyme [Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)] were assessed for
antibacterial activity against 25 different genera of bacteria. These included
animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning and spoilage bacteria. The volatile
oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all the organisms under
test while their major components demonstrated various degrees of growth
inhibition.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 10736000 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Phytother Res. 1999 Aug;13(5):388/92.
Toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on Culex pipiens
larvae (Diptera: Culicidae).
El Hag EA, El Nadi AH, Zaitoon AA.
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, King Saud University, Gassim
Branch, PO Box 1482, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
The toxic and/or development retarding effects on Culex pipiens mosquito larvae
by methanol and ether extracts of Azadirachta indica, Rhazya stricta and
Syzygium aromaticum were investigated separately. All were found to show
biological activity, however, the methanol extracts showed the most profound
effects. R. stricta showed marked acute (2 d) and chronic (10 d) toxic effects,
having an LC(50) and 95% CL of 251(209/326) and 140(110/178); 467(416/699) and
211(198/421) ppm, for the methanol and ether extracts, respectively. Only 3.3%
of the larvae pupated and no adults emerged even at the lowest concentration
(200 ppm) of methanol extract. Both A. indica extracts were toxic to C. pipiens
larvae but at higher concentrations, showing an acute and chronic LC(50) and 95%
CL of 824(692/980) and 265(111/481); 1620(1380/1892) and 675(514/887) ppm for
the methanol and ether extracts, respectively. The methanol extracts of A.
indica, at concentrations above 800 ppm, reduced pupation to 3.3% and completely
inhibited adult emergence. Both extracts of S. aromaticum were less toxic to the
larvae, however their influence on development was remarkable, causing complete
inhibition of adult emergence at 200 and 600 ppm concentrations of the methanol
and ether extracts, respectively. Future application of these extracts to larval
habitats may lead to promising results in mosquito management programmes.
Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PMID: 10441777 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
39: J Food Prot. 1998 May;61(5):616/9.
Control of Aspergillus flavus in maize with plant essential oils and their
components.
Montes/Belmont R, Carvajal M.
Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bioticos, Instituto Politecnico Nacional,
Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico.
The effects of 11 plant essential oils for maize kernel protection against
Aspergillus flavus were studied. Tests were conducted to determine optimal
levels of dosages for maize protection, effects of combinations of essential
oils, and residual effects and toxicity of essential oils to maize plants.
Principal constituents of eight essential oils were tested for ability to
protect maize kernels. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon),
Mentha piperita (peppermint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Origanum vulgare
(origanum), Teloxys ambrosioides (the flavoring herb epazote), Syzygium
aromaticum (clove), and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) caused a total inhibition of
fungal development on maize kernels. Thymol and o/methoxycinnamaldehyde
significantly reduced maize grain contamination. The optimal dosage for
protection of maize varied from 3 to 8%. Combinations of C. zeylanicum with the
remaining oils gave efficient control. A residual effect of C. zeylanicum was
detected after 4 weeks of kernel treatment. No phytotoxic effect on germination
and corn growth was detected with any of these oils.
PMID: 9709236 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
40: J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Mar;60(2):125/31.
Effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rats.
Kim HM, Lee EH, Hong SH, Song HJ, Shin MK, Kim SH, Shin TY.
Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University,
Chonbuk, South Korea.
We investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr.
et Perry (Myrtaceae) flower bud (SAFB) on immediate hypersensitivity. SAFB
inhibited compound 48/80/induced systemic anaphylaxis in rats (IC50 = 31.25
mg/kg, i.p.). SAFB also inhibited local immunoglobulin E (IgE)/mediated passive
cutaneous anaphylactic reaction (IC50 = 17.78 mg/kg, i.v.; IC50 = 19.81 mg/kg,
p.o.). When SAFB was pretreated at concentrations ranging from 25 to 1000 mg/kg,
the serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose/dependent manner. Moreover,
SAFB dose/dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells
(RPMC) by compound 48/80 or anti/dinitrophenyl IgE. When SAFB was added, the
level of cAMP in RPMC transiently and significantly increased about 47/fold at
10 s compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that SAFB
inhibits immediate hypersensitivity by inhibition of histamine release from mast
cells in vivo and in vitro.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 9582002 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
41: J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Feb;284(2):728/35.
Purification and characterization of eugeniin as an anti/herpesvirus compound
from Geum japonicum and Syzygium aromaticum.
Kurokawa M, Hozumi T, Basnet P, Nakano M, Kadota S, Namba T, Kawana T, Shiraki
K.
Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani, Toyama 930/01,
Japan.
The hot/water extract of Geum japonicum has been shown to exhibit prophylactic
and therapeutic anti/herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in murine infection
models. Eugeniin was purified as an anti/HSV compound from the extract and also
was isolated from another herbal extract (Syzygium aromaticum) that had
exhibited anti/HSV activity in mice. Thus the anti/HSV action of eugeniin was
characterized. The effective concentration (5.0 microg/ml) for 50% plaque
reduction of eugeniin for wild HSV type 1 (HSV/1) on Vero cells was 13.9/fold
lower than its 50% cytotoxic concentration determined by a yield/reduction
assay. Eugeniin also inhibited the growth of acyclovir/phosphonoacetic
acid/resistant HSV/1, thymidine kinase/deficient HSV/1 and wild HSV type 2.
Eugeniin as well as phosphonoacetic acid inhibited viral DNA and late viral
protein syntheses in their infected Vero cells, but not cellular protein
synthesis at its inhibitory concentrations. Purified HSV/1 DNA polymerase
activity was inhibited by eugeniin noncompetitively with respect to dTTP. Its
apparent Ki value for euginiin was 8.2/ and 5. 8/fold lower than the Ki values
of purified human DNA polymerases alpha and beta, respectively. Thus one of the
major target sites of inhibitory action of eugeniin is viral DNA synthesis; the
inhibitory action for viral DNA polymerase activity was novel compared with
anti/HSV nucleoside analogs.
PMID: 9454821 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Nippon Rinsho. 1998 Jan;56(1):156/60.
[Cytomegalovirus infection and its possible treatment with herbal medicines]
[Article in Japanese]
Shiraki K, Yukawa T, Kurokawa M, Kageyama S.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University.
Medicinal herbs, Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and
Rhus javanica, with anti/herpes simplex virus therapeutic activity, inhibited
replication of human cytomegalovirus(CMV) and murine CMV(MCMV) in vitro. These
anti/CMV activities were examined in an MCMV infection model using
immunosuppressed mice. Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Terminalia
chebula significantly suppressed MCMV yields in lungs of treated mice compared
with water treatment. Efficacy of oral treatment with 750 mg/kg/day of Geum
japonicum/extract was similar to that of the intraperitoneal administration with
2 mg/kg/day of ganciclovir in increasing the body weight of infected mice and
reducing the virus yield in the lungs. These herbs may be beneficial for the
prophylaxis of CMV diseases in immunocompromized patients.
Publication Types:
English Abstract
Review
PMID: 9465682 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
43: J Nat Prod. 1996 Oct;59(10):987/90.
Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against
oral pathogens.
Cai L, Wu CD.
Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa,
Iowa City 52242/1010, USA.
A crude MeOH extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) exhibited preferential
growth/inhibitory activity against Gram/negative anaerobic periodontal oral
pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. By
means of bioassay/directed chromatographic fractionation, eight active compounds
were isolated from this extract and were identified as
5,7/dihydroxy/2/methylchromone 8/C/beta/D/glucopyranoside, biflorin, kaempferol,
rhamnocitrin, myricetin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, and oleanolic acid, based on
spectroscopic evidence. The antibacterial activity of these pure compounds was
determined against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, P. gingivalis,
and P. intermedia. The flavones, kaempferol and myricetin, demonstrated potent
growth/inhibitory activity against the periodontal pathogens P. gingivalis and
P. intermedia.
Publication Types:
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
PMID: 8904847 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
44: Antiviral Res. 1996 Oct;32(2):63/70.
Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs.
Yukawa TA, Kurokawa M, Sato H, Yoshida Y, Kageyama S, Hasegawa T, Namba T,
Imakita M, Hozumi T, Shiraki K.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Hot water extracts of four traditional herbs, Geum japonicum, Syzygium
aromaticum, Terminalia chebula and Rhus javanica, which have been shown to have
anti/herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in vivo, were examined for
anti/cytomegalovirus (CMV) activity in vitro and in vivo in this study. They
inhibited replication of human CMV and murine CMV (MCMV) in vitro. These
anti/CMV activities in vivo were examined in an MCMV infection model using
immunosuppressed mice. Mice were subcutaneously treated with various doses of
cyclosporine, and immunosuppression and MCMV infection were monitored by
suppression of antibody production and virus yield in the lung, respectively.
Each herbal extract was orally administered to mice treated with 50 mg/kg of
cyclosporine from a day before intraperitoneal infection, and the efficacy of
herbs was evaluated by the reduction in the virus yield in the lung. Among them
Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Terminalia chebula significantly
suppressed MCMV yields in lungs of treated mice compared with water treatment.
Efficacy of oral treatment with 750 mg/kg per day of Geum japonicum extract was
similar to that of the intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg per day of
ganciclovir in increasing the body weight of infected mice and reducing the
virus yield in the lungs. These herbs may be beneficial for the prophylaxis of
CMV diseases in immunocompromised patients.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8891165 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
45: Antiviral Res. 1995 May;27(1/2):19/37.
Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo.
Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, Uyama S, Sato H, Kageyama T, Kadota S,
Ohyama H, Hozumi T, Namba T, et al.
Department of Virology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Traditional herbal medicines have been safely used for the treatment of various
human diseases since ancient China. We selected 10 herbal extracts with
therapeutic antiherpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV/1) activity. Among these, Geum
japonicum Thunb., Rhus javanica L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry, or
Terminalia chebula Retzus showed a stronger anti/HSV/1 activity in combination
with acyclovir than the other herbal extracts in vitro. When acyclovir and/or a
herbal extract were orally administered at doses corresponding to human use,
each of the 4 combinations significantly limited the development of skin lesions
and/or prolonged the mean survival times of infected mice compared with both
acyclovir and the herbal extract alone (P < 0.01 or 0.05). These combinations
were not toxic to mice. They reduced virus yields in the brain and skin more
strongly than acyclovir alone and exhibited stronger anti/HSV/1 activity in the
brain than in the skin, in contrast to acyclovir treatment by itself.
Combinations of acyclovir with historically used herbal medicines showed strong
combined therapeutic anti/HSV/1 activity in mice, especially reduction of virus
yield in the brain.
PMID: 7486956 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Planta Med. 1995 Feb;61(1):26/30.
Inhibitory effects of Oriental herbal medicines on IL/8 induction in
lipopolysaccharide/activated rat macrophages.
Lee GI, Ha JY, Min KR, Nakagawa H, Tsurufuji S, Chang IM, Kim Y.
College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
Cytokine/induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), a rat interleukin/8 (IL/8),
was quantitated by using a sensitive ELISA. The CINC was induced up to 20 ng/ml
from basal 1/2 ng/ml in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/activated peritoneal
macrophages. This CINC induction was significantly inhibited by steroidal
anti/inflammatory drugs including dexamethasone, but not by non/steroidal drugs
including indomethacin at all. Nine out of 59 herbal medicines which are
frequently used in Korean traditional prescriptions for inflammatory diseases
exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on the CINC induction by their total
methanol extracts with 0.1 mg/ml as a final concentration. The active 9 total
extracts were prepared from radix of Aralia continentalis, rhizoma of Cnidium
officinale, rhizoma of Coptis chinensis, tuber of Fritillaria verticillata,
radix of Saussurea lappa, tuber of Sparganium stoloniferum, flower of Syzygium
aromaticum, semen of Trichosanthes kirilowii, and herba of Tripterygium regelii.
These total extracts were sequentially fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl
acetate, butanol, and water. Among the solvent/fractionated extracts with 0.05
mg/ml as a final concentration, more than 50% of inhibition on the CINC
induction was exhibited by the dichloromethane fraction of Aralia continentalis;
the water fraction of Fritillaria verticillata; the dichloromethane fraction of
Saussurea lappa; the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions of
Syzygium aromaticum; the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions of
Trichosanthes kirilowii; and the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of
Tripterygium regelii.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 7700986 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1993 May;48(5):363/72.
Erratum in:
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993 Nov;49(5):885.
Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove (Syzygium aromaticum L)
[corrected]
Srivastava KC.
Department of Environmental Medicine (ISH), Odense University, Denmark.
In continuation of our studies on the oil of cloves//a common kitchen spice and
a drug for home medicine//we have isolated and identified two antiplatelet
components, eugenol and acetyl eugenol. They inhibited arachidonate/,
adrenaline/ and collagen/induced platelet aggregation; they were more potent in
inhibiting aggregation by the first two agonists. Their inhibitory effect was
reversible. These components were antiaggregatory by a combination of at least
two effects: (i) inhibition of platelet thromboxane formation, and (ii)
increased formation of 12/lipoxygenase products (12/HPETE). Though the presence
of plasma proteins would reduce the effective concentration of these substances
due to binding, the relatively lower amounts of these components which inhibited
arachidonate/induced aggregation when compared to their effects on thromboxane
production was intriguing. The answer might partly lie in an increased formation
of 12/HPETE facilitated by albumin which acts as a 'conduit' to divert free
arachadonic acid (AA) from the platelet cyclooxygenase (CO) to the lipoxygenase
pathway (22). Based on their IC50 values, it was found that both eugenol and
acetyl eugenol were more potent than aspirin in inhibiting platelet aggregation
induced by arachidonate, adrenaline and collagen. In arachidonate/induced
aggregation eugenol was on a par with indomethacin. It was found that eugenol
and acetyl eugenol when used in combination potentiated inhibition of platelet
aggregation induced by arachidonate, adrenaline and collagen. This effect was,
however, not evident from the metabolism of AA in platelets; when used in
combination the two compounds produced an additive effect.
Publication Types:
Comparative Study
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 8321872 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1992 Feb;40(2):401/5.
Studies on differentiation/inducing activities of triterpenes.
Umehara K, Takagi R, Kuroyanagi M, Ueno A, Taki T, Chen YJ.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
Differentiation/inducing activity of over 180 extracts of crude drugs and plants
was tested using mouse myeloid leukemia cell line (M1). The methanol extracts of
clove (Syzygium aromaticum Merrill et Perry, Myrtaceae) showed remarkable
induction of differentiation of M1 cells into macrophage/like cells. From the
extract, oleanolic acid (1) and crategolic acid (2) were isolated as the active
components. We also tested other triterpenes, such as oleananes, ursanes and
dammaranes, to investigate the structure/activity relationship. Some triterpene
aglycones showed differentiation/inducing activity, but triterpene glycosides
showed little activity. Furthermore, the differentiation/inducing activity of
these triterpene compounds was tested against human acute promyelocytic leukemia
cell line (HL/60).
PMID: 1606636 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
49: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1991 Jan;42(1):73/81.
Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits
aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets.
Srivastava KC, Malhotra N.
Department of Environmental Medicine, ISH, Odense C, Denmark.
In continuation of our studies with the oil of cloves//a common kitchen spice
and a crude drug for home medicine//we have isolated yet another active
component identified as acetyl eugenol (AE); the earlier reported active
component being eugenol. The isolated material (IM) was found to be a potent
platelet inhibitor; IM abolished arachidonate (AA)/induced aggregation at ca. 12
microM, a concentration needed to abolish the second phase of adrenaline/induced
aggregation. Chemically synthesized acetyl eugenol showed similar effects on AA/
and adrenaline/induced aggregation. A dose/dependent inhibition of
collagen/induced aggregation was also observed. AE did not inhibit either
calcium ionophore A23187/ or thrombin/induced aggregation. Studies on
aggregation and ATP release were done using whole blood (WB). AA/induced
aggregation in WB was abolished at 3 micrograms/ml (14.6 microM) which persisted
even after doubling the concentration of AA. ATP release was inhibited.
Inhibition of aggregation appeared to be mediated by a combination of two
effects: reduced formation of thromboxane and increased generation of
12/lipoxygenase product (12/HPETE). These effects were observed by exposing
washed platelets to (14C)AA or by stimulating AA/labelled platelets with
ionophore A23187. Acetyl eugenol inhibited (14C)TxB2 formation in AA/labelled
platelets on stimulation with thrombin. AE showed no effect on the incorporation
of AA into platelet phospholipids.
Publication Types:
Research Support, Non/U.S. Gov't
PMID: 2011614 [PubMed / indexed for MEDLINE]
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